1.1 Ultra-supercritical thermal power

Valve requirements: high-temperature and high-pressure valves (globe valves, gate valves, regulating valves, safety valves) on the main steam and reheat steam pipelines.

Technical challenges: Withstand high temperatures ranging from 620 to 650℃ and pressures exceeding 35MPa, while preventing creep and thermal fatigue.

Typical applications: main steam isolation at boiler outlet, temperature and pressure reduction in turbine bypass, and minimum flow regulation of feedwater pump.

1.2 Solar thermal power generation (molten salt tower/trough)

Valve requirements: molten salt globe valve, molten salt regulating valve, molten salt check valve, molten salt safety valve.

Technical challenges: addressing the corrosiveness of molten salt at 565℃, low-temperature solidification (melting point around 220℃), and thermal stress due to large temperature differences.

Typical applications: Inlet and outlet of cold/hot molten salt storage tanks, circulation pipelines of heat absorbers, and shut-off valves on the molten salt side of steam generators.

1.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Valve requirements: large-diameter (DN800 and above) electric/pneumatic ball valves, butterfly valves, and regulating valves.

Technical challenges: rapid opening and closing of high-pressure air (10-20MPa), sealing reliability, and fatigue life.

Typical applications: gas storage inlet and outlet, expander front regulation, compressor interstage cutoff.

1.4 Nuclear power plant (conventional island + nuclear island auxiliary)

Valve requirements: nuclear-grade safety valves, gate valves, globe valves, and instrument valves.

Technical challenges: seismic resistance (SSE level), radiation resistance, and zero leakage sealing (ASME Class III).

Typical applications: main steam isolation, containment spray system, chemical and volume control system.

1.5 Gas-Steam Combined Cycle (GTCC)

Valve requirements: bypass valve, temperature and pressure reducing valve, gas shut-off valve.

Technical challenges: rapid response (second-level), high-frequency actions, and high-temperature gas sealing.

Typical applications: high-pressure bypass of waste heat boilers, emergency shut-off of fuel pipelines.

2.1 Onshore oil and gas extraction (wellhead and gathering)

Valve requirements: Christmas tree valves (gate valves, needle valves), throttle valves, emergency shut-off valves.

Technical challenges: resistance to sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) in high-sulfur (H₂S) environments, and high pressure (70-140MPa).

Typical applications: wellhead main control valve, water injection well regulating valve, gas gathering station separator shut-off valve.

2.2 Long-distance natural gas pipelines

Valve requirements: fully welded ball valve, plug valve, emergency shutdown valve (ESDV).

Technical challenges: large diameter (DN1000+), high pressure (10-12MPa), remote monitoring in uninhabited areas, and SIL3 safety integrity.

Typical applications: compressor station inlets and outlets, off-take branch line shutoffs, and line block valve stations.

2.3 Oil refining and petrochemical industry

Valve requirements: hydrocracking gate valve, catalytic cracking slide valve, reforming control valve.

Technical challenges: hydrogen-exposed conditions (hydrogen embrittlement protection), high-temperature sulfur corrosion, and catalyst particle wear.

Typical applications: high-pressure separator in hydrogenation unit, flue of catalytic cracking regenerator, hydraulic decoking valve in delayed coking unit.

2.4 LNG receiving terminal and liquefaction plant

Valve requirements: ultra-low temperature ball valve, butterfly valve, check valve (-196℃).

Technical challenges: maintaining toughness of cryogenic materials (austenitic stainless steel/aluminum alloy), and preventing leakage (wide explosion limit of LNG).

Typical applications: LNG tank inlet and outlet, shut-off before vaporizer, loading skid control valve.

3.1 Chlor-Alkali Chemical Industry

Valve requirements: fluorine-lined butterfly valve, fluorine-lined ball valve, titanium globe valve.

Technical challenges: resistance to pitting corrosion caused by wet chlorine gas, resistance to strong oxidizing properties of hypochlorite, and prevention of vacuum deformation.

Typical applications: chlorine gas pipeline at the outlet of electrolytic cells, regulation of dechlorination towers, and shut-off of hydrochloric acid synthesis furnaces.

3.2 Polysilicon and photovoltaic materials

Valve requirements: bellows-sealed globe valve, high-purity ball valve, ultra-pure PFA-lined valve.

Technical challenges: trichlorosilane (TCS) is flammable and explosive when exposed to water, requires zero external leakage, and poses a challenge due to particulate matter washout.

Typical applications: feeding of cold hydrogenation reactors, recovery of tail gas from reduction furnaces, and side-line adjustment of distillation columns.

3.3 Caprolactam and new nylon materials

Valve requirements: Jacket valve (steam tracing), knife gate valve, self-cleaning regulating valve.

Technical challenges: easy crystallization (crystallization occurs when the temperature is below 80℃), blockage by particulate matter, and frequent cleaning requirements.

Typical applications: crystallizer discharge, centrifuge feeding, dryer hot gas cutoff.

3.4 Coal Chemical Industry (Coal-to-Olefins/Coal-to-Oil)

Valve requirements: lock hopper valve (ball valve), wear-resistant angle valve, black water regulating valve.

Technical challenges: wear from high-hardness ash (containing SiO₂, Al₂O₃), gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow, and flash corrosion.

Typical applications: gasifier slag removal system, scrubber black water circulation, shift converter temperature regulation.

4.1 Hydrogen refueling station (35/70MPa)

Valve requirements: high-pressure ball valve, needle valve, check valve, overflow valve, pneumatic emergency shut-off valve.

Technical challenges: resistance to hydrogen embrittlement (material selection, such as 316L, Inconel 718), high-pressure sealing (metal hard sealing), and rapid response (<1 second).

Typical applications: inlet and outlet of hydrogen compressor, shut-off of hydrogen storage cylinder group, flow control of hydrogen refueling machine.

4.2 Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation (-253℃)

Valve requirements: cryogenic ball valve, cryogenic globe valve, vacuum jacketed valve.

Technical challenges: austenite stability at ultra-low temperatures (preventing martensitic transformation), adiabatic design (reducing evaporation rate), and seal embrittlement.

Typical applications: Liquid hydrogen storage tank outlet pipe, tanker loading and unloading interface, gasifier inlet.

4.3 Hydrogen production through PEM water electrolysis

Valve requirements: ultrapure water valve, back pressure valve, oxygen-side hydrogen prevention valve.

Technical challenges: high-potential oxidative corrosion (anode), hydrogen permeation, and ionic contamination control (release of metal ions).

Typical applications: inlet and outlet of deionized water, pressure regulation of hydrogen separators, and safety shut-off on the oxygen side.

5.1 Blast furnace ironmaking

Valve requirements: hot air valve, cold air valve, reverse air valve, gas shut-off valve.

Technical challenges: Resistance to high temperatures of 1200℃ (water-cooled structure), resistance to dusty flue gas erosion, and large diameter (DN2000+).

Typical applications: inlet of hot blast stove dome, main blast furnace gas pipe cutoff, and pre-adjustment of dust collector.

5.2 High-pressure water descaling for steel rolling

Valve requirements: high-pressure water descaling valve (ball valve or angle valve), check valve, accumulator quick-action shut-off valve.

Technical challenges: Withstand water hammer impact exceeding 30MPa, high-frequency opening and closing (several times per minute), and wear resistance (iron oxide scale particles).

Typical applications: control before the descaling box nozzle, outlet of high-pressure pump, and isolation of accumulator.

5.3 Alumina production (Bayer process)

Valve requirements: slurry valve (knife gate valve or eccentric hemispherical valve), alkali-resistant ball valve, three-way reversing valve.

Technical challenges: resistance to high-temperature alkali solution (NaOH concentration 250-300g/L), prevention of scarring (with smooth interior and no dead spaces), and resistance to erosion (alumina particles).

Typical applications: feeding of leaching units, discharge of underflow from settling tanks, and circulation regulation of decomposition tanks.

6.1 LNG carrier (membrane type/spherical tank type)

Valve requirements: ultra-low temperature ball valve (-163℃), vacuum insulation valve, emergency shut-off valve (ESDV).

Technical challenges: adapting to ship body sway (inclination of 22.5°), vibration durability, and low-temperature sealing (to avoid BOG leakage).

Typical applications: liquid cargo tank inlet and outlet, re-liquefaction system pipelines, loading arm connection valves.

6.2 Offshore drilling platforms (semi-submersible/jack-up)

Valve requirements: Blowout Preventer (BOP) hydraulic control valve, seawater lift valve, mud gate valve.

Technical challenges: resistance to seawater chloride stress corrosion, explosion-proof (ATEX/IECEx), and resistance to typhoon impact.

Typical applications: water-separation system cutoff, ballast tank adjustment, and drilling fluid circulation pipeline.

6.3 Deep-sea oil extraction (underwater production system)

Valve requirements: subsea ball valve (ROV operation), subsea gate valve, subsea throttle valve.

Technical challenges: withstanding hydrostatic pressure at a water depth of 3000 meters (30MPa), hydrate inhibition (temperature control/alcohol injection), and ROV interface compatibility.

Typical applications: main valve and wing valve of Christmas tree, subsea manifold end connection, emergency shut-off of flowline.