4.1 Hydrogen refueling station (35/70MPa)

Valve requirements: high-pressure ball valve, needle valve, check valve, overflow valve, pneumatic emergency shut-off valve.

Technical challenges: resistance to hydrogen embrittlement (material selection, such as 316L, Inconel 718), high-pressure sealing (metal hard sealing), and rapid response (<1 second).

Typical applications: inlet and outlet of hydrogen compressor, shut-off of hydrogen storage cylinder group, flow control of hydrogen refueling machine.

4.2 Liquid hydrogen storage and transportation (-253℃)

Valve requirements: cryogenic ball valve, cryogenic globe valve, vacuum jacketed valve.

Technical challenges: austenite stability at ultra-low temperatures (preventing martensitic transformation), adiabatic design (reducing evaporation rate), and seal embrittlement.

Typical applications: Liquid hydrogen storage tank outlet pipe, tanker loading and unloading interface, gasifier inlet.

4.3 Hydrogen production through PEM water electrolysis

Valve requirements: ultrapure water valve, back pressure valve, oxygen-side hydrogen prevention valve.

Technical challenges: high-potential oxidative corrosion (anode), hydrogen permeation, and ionic contamination control (release of metal ions).

Typical applications: inlet and outlet of deionized water, pressure regulation of hydrogen separators, and safety shut-off on the oxygen side.